International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences. 11/Jun/2025;38:e20250084.
Systemic Biomarkers in Heart Failure: To Measure or Not to Measure?
This Editorial is referred by the Research article "Procalcitonin and D-dimer in Predicting the Severity of Congestive Heart Failure".
Heart failure (HF) is an aggressive disease with unfavorable prognosis if not treated properly. Even after optimal medical treatment, some patients may remain at high risk for clinical events. As such, it is important to identify patients at risk of death or hospitalization. Biomarkers have been used to establish prognosis in HF, and natriuretic peptides (NP) are considered the gold standard biomarker in HF, not only for diagnosis but also for prognosis.
NP are cardiac biomarkers, produced by the heart ventricles in response to wall stretch. However, several systemic biomarkers, reflecting different pathways, have been shown to be elevated in HF with the potential to add information on top of NP ().– Nevertheless, these biomarkers have not been strongly recommended in HF guidelines because their utility in aiding decision-making is unclear.
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Keywords: Heart Failure; Biomarkers; Infections; Thrombosis; Prognosis
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