Doxorubicin (DOX) is a cytotoxic antineoplastic agent of the anthracycline family. It has been used as the first-line chemotherapy drug for treating various types of cancer, such as breast, lung and bladder cancer, and lymphoblastic leukemia. As any anthracycline, DOX is an effective chemotherapeutic drug. However, it holds a potentially lethal dose-dependent cardiovascular toxicity, which can manifest immediately or many years after chemotherapy, limiting its clinical application. After the discontinuation of DOX treatment, a seven-year follow-up of 1,807 patients reported […]
