Percolation appears as a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature, with significant practical relevance in the study of networks. Its origins connect to the pioneering work of Paul Flory in 1940 and the foundational research of Broadbent and Hammersley in 1957, which established its intricate mathematical principles,, incorporating concepts from probability, physics, and graph theory. In a network composed of nodes and edges, understanding how percolation operates enables researchers to evaluate the effects of adding or removing an edge or a node […]