Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common and treatable disease in the general population, accounting for high morbidity and mortality rates. In patients with severe COPD, hypoxemia is the main cause of complications such as pulmonary hypertension (PH) and right ventricle (RV) dysfunction. However, the presence of RV vascular structural and functional changes may occur in the early stages of COPD, even before significant hypoxemia or PH. Subclinical RV dysfunction often precedes the development of signs and symptoms of […]